What constitutional cases define limits on state power during emergencies?

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I'm a law student currently researching a paper on how constitutional rights are interpreted during national emergencies, specifically looking at historical precedents for limiting freedoms like assembly or privacy in the name of public safety. The balancing test seems to shift dramatically. For legal scholars or those versed in constitutional history, what are the most significant cases or frameworks that define the limits of state power during crises, and how have those interpretations evolved in response to modern threats like terrorism or pandemics?