How do you convert word problems to calculus models for rates and optimization?

[JerryLC]

I'm tutoring a first-year engineering student who is struggling with the conceptual leap from basic derivatives to applications in related rates and optimization problems in their calculus course. They can perform the mechanics of differentiation well enough, but they consistently fail to set up the correct relationships between variables from a word problem. For other tutors or instructors, what are your most effective methods for building this problem-solving intuition? I'm looking for specific exercises, analogies, or a step-by-step framework you use to teach students how to translate a written scenario into a mathematical model, particularly for problems involving geometric shapes or changing volumes. How do you help them move from memorizing procedures to genuinely understanding the underlying relationships?