How do border adjustments and rebates in carbon pricing affect manufacturers?

[JohnA]

I work in policy analysis for a mid-sized manufacturing association, and we're trying to formulate a coherent position on the proposed federal carbon pricing mechanism that's gaining traction. While we recognize the need for climate action, our members are deeply concerned about international competitiveness, especially against imports from regions without similar costs. I'm trying to understand the practical realities of how a carbon price would actually be implemented and its downstream effects. For economists or industry professionals in jurisdictions that have already adopted carbon pricing, what has been the real-world impact on operational costs and innovation? How have rebate or border adjustment mechanisms worked in practice to protect trade-exposed industries, and are there specific design features of existing schemes that have proven more effective or less burdensome for businesses than others?